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YWAM: A Dynamic “Movement” of Hundreds of Ministries, but Not an Organization

By Steve Rabey
Youth With a Mission
The flags of the nations at YWAM's University of the Nations in Kona, Hawaii.

It started with a vision of waves. Loren Cunningham said he saw the vision in 1956 when he was singing in the Bahamas with the The King’s Magnifiers, a gospel quartet from Central Bible Institute and Seminary, an Assemblies of God school.

Cunningham, a son and grandson of Pentecostal evangelists and church planters, saw waves covering the continents. Those waves were groups of young people giving up everything to go throughout the world to share Christ’s Gospel.

In 1960, he and his wife Darlene founded Youth With a Mission, but he never saw himself as launching an organization that would require management and direction. Rather, he believed he was igniting a movement. (Now in their 80s, both are still working with YWAM in Kona, Hawaii.)

Sixty-one years later, the vision remains, and the movement is vibrant and growing, supporting some 20,000 workers in hundreds of independent ministries operating from some 1,000 bases in about 200 countries. Over the years, some four million people have been through YWAM’s 12-week Discipleship Training School, the first step in working with the organization, which pays no salaries.

But unlike other evangelical ministries and mission agencies, YWAM isn’t incorporated and lacks a central organization or headquarters. It has no president, board of directors, fundraising department, or annual reports. It has no communications team to gather and convey information to donors or the media, hence the frequent use of words like “some” in the paragraph above.

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Truly, only God knows what YWAM does.

“Family of ministries”

YWAM isn’t an organization—it’s a network of linked ministries that shares Cunningham’s vision and mission. As a YWAM website puts it:

“As YWAM has grown over the years, it has developed as a family of ministries. Although we have global networks of leaders and elders, we do not have a headquarters. Our decentralized structure gives room for leaders to emerge from many different cultures…A YWAM eldership group called the Founders’ Circle serves as a guardian of YWAM’s vision, purpose, beliefs and values.”

“There are hundreds of YWAM organizations, but no headquarters,” said Paul Filidis, who spent 40 years with YWAM in Afghanistan, India, the Netherlands, and Colorado Springs. He recently published the 30th annual version of the 30 Days of Prayer for the Muslim World booklets.

Loren and Darlene Cunningham
YWAM founders, Loren and Darlene Cunningham. (Source: Facebook)

Cunningham’s vision of waves covering the nations has largely been realized, thanks in part to YWAM’s willingness to deploy almost anyone (no longer only young people) who demonstrates a passion for ministry and missionary service.

But at the same time, YWAM’s unique organizational structure means that information about the vast majority of its work is unknown, and its internal operations remain opaque. It’s impossible for donors to grasp the size, scope, effectiveness, or financial efficiency of the many ministries in YWAM’s family. Likewise, it can be difficult for parents to locate children who volunteer, or to hold bad leaders accountable.

“It’s so decentralized that it’s very difficult, even for them, to tell you everything they’re doing,” said Jonathan Bonk, executive director of the Overseas Ministries Study Center in New Haven, Conn., in a 2007 Los Angeles Times story.

Dynamism of “flat” structure

In terms of recruiting and sending Christian workers, YWAM’s founding vision has been a stunning success, and its non-hierarchical structure has empowered its workers to create hundreds of independent organizations—some of them with significant income and assets—that reach unbelievers around the globe through a dizzying range of ministries.

“YWAM, launched half a century ago by Loren Cunningham in his parents’ garage, is active in 180 nations, making it one of the world’s most widely dispersed evangelical missions groups,” reported Christianity Today in “Youth with a Passion,” a 2010 article celebrating YWAM’s 50th anniversary. “YWAM has deployed four million workers in 240 countries. Now it sets its sights on 152 remaining unreached people groups.”

The CT article quoted Mark Lang, who dropped out of college in 1983 to join Youth With a Mission. “If I was going to become a Lutheran missionary, I would have had to go to four years of college and four years of seminary. Would you like to do that or go to school for three months and go out and do something? You go make that choice when you’re 18.”

YWAM also pioneered short-term mission trips, now a regular feature of many church and parachurch mission groups.

YWAM
YWAM missionaries on outreach with YWAM Ships Kona. (Source: YWAM Kona)

As Wheaton College missions expert A. Scott Moreau told the Los Angeles Times in 2007, “A lot of agencies are wondering how they’re going to mobilize this generation. YWAM has figured it out.”

YWAM’s dynamic ethos has spawned hundreds of new ministries. If a YWAMer (as they’re called) has a vision for a particular ministry, can secure the support of at least one existing YWAM ministry, and can raise the funds and staffing required to accomplish the new ministry, it’s all systems go.

“YWAM was way ahead of management consultants who have promoted flat organizations for the last two or three decades,” says Filidis. “Rather than having a hierarchical structure, they intentionally try to keep it flat, which gives ownership to everybody throughout the whole organization.”

Some U.S.-based YWAM ministries have significant income and assets, including six that, unlike the vast majority of YWAM ministries, are members of ECFA:

  • YWAM San Diego/Baja, founded in 1991, has an annual income of $19 million and $20 million in assets.
  • YWAM Ships Kona has annual income of $16 million and $5 million in assets.
  • YWAM Tyler has annual income of $20 million (much of it designated to support 1,630 people serving worldwide) and $3 million in assets.
  • YWAM Strategic Frontiers, in Colorado Springs, has annual income of $8 million and $2 million in assets.
  • YWAM San Francisco has annual income of $2 million and $3.6 million in assets.
  • Loom International, in Portland, Oregon, uses its $450,000 annual revenue to help women and children at risk.

Other ministries are smaller and more focused. One YWAM leader has been working with local pastors to hold daily services at the Minneapolis intersection where George Floyd died in police custody. “We’re going from pain and hatred to healing and hope,” said Christophe Ulysse.

YWAM Yosemite offers evangelism and apologetics lectures to the Yosemite National Park’s 3.5 million visitors. “Your students will go to one of the world’s most stunning national parks for an international outreach (without ever getting on an airplane)!”

Other ministries reach rock musicians, actors, college professors, prostitutes, people working in the fashion industry, and snowboarders and surfers.

Lean and mean

YWAM’s structure is lean. Workers raise their own support, so there’s no marketers or fundraisers. Many ministries are operated on shoestring budgets. Some depend on income raised by fees charged for DTS schools or other training.

In the 1980s and ‘90s, some within YWAM started referring to some leaders as field, regional, or national workers, but such methods were seen as a form of creeping corporatism and were eventually abandoned.

YWAM stretches its impact by partnering with groups including Campus Crusade for Christ, the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Trans World RadioWycliffe Bible TranslatorsWorld Vision, and Food for the Hungry.

YWAM isn’t often sued, in part because its expansive “Liability Release” workers sign, which excuses YWAM, its related ministries, and their agents from “any liability whatsoever arising out of any injury, damage, or loss.”

If you happen to die while serving YWAM in the far-off lands, which isn’t unheard of, don’t count on anyone sending your body back home. YWAM’s “Statement of Burial” says “the priority for limited resources on outreach and frontline work must be for living,” and grants YWAM permission to “carry out the burial in the location of my death” because “decay can start very quickly.”

One additional benefit of YWAM’s flat structure is that only individual, local ministries can be sued when something goes wrong, not the whole international enchilada.

Theology

Classical pentecostal and charismatic theology and practices dominate most YWAM ministries, and many ministries are birthed in dreams and visions.

“In 1973, during an all-night prayer meeting near Honolulu on the island of Oahu, God spoke to Loren Cunningham and other YWAM leaders, staff and students about YWAM starting a work on the ‘Big Island’ of Hawaii. To one, He gave the letter ‘K,’ to another, the word ‘Kona.’  Others saw visions of very specific places where YWAM was to locate.”

In 1975, Cunningham and Campus Crusade’s Bill Bright spoke about the urgency of Christians influencing the “seven mountains” of cultural influence, including government and the arts. There’s debate over whether the two men’s theology of the seven mountains extends to the Dominionism promoted by health-and-wealth preacher Andrew Wommack and Trump prophet Lance Wallnau.

YWAM has suffered surprisingly few scandals or major setbacks for a ministry that’s so vast and has worked with so many young people, but it has seen repeated charges of spiritual abuse against leaders who tolerated few questions about the ministry and methods they claimed God himself gave them. YWAM’s structure makes it extremely difficult to hold abusive leaders accountable.

Unanswered questions

YWAM is dynamic, but is it effective? No one knows, because YWAM’s non-structured structure takes opaqueness and inscrutability to new and unprecedented levels.

No one tracks all of the independent ministries. No one has solid numbers on how many ministries there are, how much money they raise, how many workers they support, what they do, or how successful they are at carrying out their missions.

Parents and relatives even have difficulty tracking down loved ones working with YWAM. “Mom may have contributed to help get her son Joey into a Discipleship Training School in Perth, Australia,” says Filidis. “But then Joey goes on outreach in southeast Asia, and mom doesn’t hear anything, has no idea where he is, and can’t find him.”

In some countries or regions where Christian work is illegal, YWAM groups may operate under the cover of different names.

YWAM’s U.S. website features this Q&A:

Q: Can you help me locate a person who currently is in YWAM or was at some time?

A: YWAM does not have an international administrative office that maintains a database of every YWAM staff person and all YWAM alumni. If you want to connect with a person in YWAM, please contact the location they work with directly or their last known location. Another avenue is to try social networking sites like the YWAM Facebook page.

Unfortunately, YWAM opaqueness extends to its finances. Only a few of the hundreds of independent ministries cooperate  with ECFA or charity watchdogs.

And because some YWAM ministries are members of ECFA, donors who are unfamiliar with its structure may mistakenly assume all YWAM ministries are compliant.

In addition, because YWAM it is not structured like a corporation, each of the independent ministries must handle its own accounting, human resources, and other functions, leading to widespread duplication of efforts, and occasional financial crimes.

In 2019, the Youth With A Mission chapter in Medicine Hat, Canada, sued its former vice-president and his wife for stealing more than a million dollars from its bank accounts. And in 2018, the chief financial officer for University of the Nations at YWAM-Kona pled guilty to wire fraud after embezzling $3 million dollars. The YWAM base compensated for the fraud by hiking fees charged to volunteers and students.

The structure has confused at least one donor.  Paul Filidis told MinistryWatch he knows of a donor who gave a major gift to one independent YWAM ministry assuming he was actually supporting YWAM’s work around the world, which is impossible without writing hundreds of checks.

There’s much to celebrate about YWAM, which has been successful at “launching waves of missionaries into the world since 1960,” but other than partial or anecdotal reports, there is so much we don’t know and may never know.

Steve RabeySteve Rabey is a veteran author and journalist who has published more than 50 books and 2,000 articles about religion, spirituality, and culture. He was an instructor at Fuller and Denver seminaries and the U.S. Air Force Academy.

This article first appeared at MinistryWatch.

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24 Responses

  1. Well, what do we want? Do we want hierarchical structures that lead to bigshots and big failures like Ravi? Or do we want decentralized networks that are harder to track but more accurately reflect the true nature of the Kingdom of God? “The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.”

    1. I don’t know. I see pros and cons to both. It would be great to have boards, strict accounting, and transparency. (RZIM had a board, but no transparency and the board wasn’t independent. So, it’s not the best example of the alternative.) At the same time, organizing can lead to inflexibility and stagnation.

      But I think it’s possible to institute more controls while remaining nimble. Without them, there’s a danger of fraud, mismanagement, and abuse. The former CFO at YWAM Kona, for example, is currently serving a 10-year sentence for embezzling $3 million in funds. See: https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2018/01/09/hawaii-news/u-of-nations-ex-cfo-gets-nearly-10-years-in-prison/

      So I’d like to see some changes at YWAM. But I’d also like to see the ministry flourish and continue to change lives with the power of the gospel.

    2. Bruce,

      I think Julie’s point is that she wants structure AND accountability. Both dictatorial rule and chaos with no oversight are bad and not only can, but WILL be exploited by both Satan and corrupt human leaders. You can have an organized, professional ministry that isn’t nepotistic and greedy or worse, a front for moral turpitude like RZIM. That’s what I am pretty sure Julie wants and I think she is right to call out both sides that deviate from this model.

      1. You’re never going to eliminate all problems. But structure determines behavior. In this case, the structure of YWAM is far more conducive to reflecting Kingdom ethics with a flat, distributed authority, and an agile organization. As soon as you institute a centralized control, like a board, you’ve sacrificed the aforementioned benefits.

    3. As the article stated, YWAM is a very loose network. I’m very familiar with YWAM San Diego/ Baja and they do have full board oversite.

  2. I am a former YWAMer who did my training in Lausanne, Switzerland. I did mime and sharing the Gospel throughout Western Europe. It was a 6 month gig back in 83′ right after high school. Fascinating experience and some wonderful speakers.

  3. We are involved with YWAM in Rostrevor, Northern Ireland, and their mission is reconciliation and peace making. (The former home of C.S. Lewis and his real life “Narnia” location.) After multiple visits, we can honestly say we have never seen a more humble, God honoring and loving community. They live on base frugally yet also help support orphanages and ministry in Burundi, Lebanon and even refugees on their base. (As former Harvest members, it makes us sick to see how our tithes and offerings were selfishly spent.) God is working through His people at YWAM in a mighty way! It’s beautiful to see young people willing to be the hand and feet of Jesus bearing much fruit, and we are blessed to be a part of their ministry.

  4. Former YWAMer here — there was a huge group of 1000 members on Facebook of “spiritual abuse on YWAM.” They had to re-start the group so it’s got smaller numbers now but let’s put it this way: YWAM does great work but is not innocent from spiritual abuse, manipulation, and problematic theology.

  5. Humility is what we have seen too as 3 of our 4 kids served and one still serves. Humble bunch all the way around. These days, sadly, that is unusual.

  6. At the very time of the Kona fraud scandal, Kona personnel were paraded at my church in the UK and were obviously shallow and manic. Glad to hear of exceptions. The brand name should be abandoned.

  7. Julie,

    In the 35 years that I have known people who have gone through DTS in YWAM, about half have had wonderful experiences that have enriched their lives, about 1/4 thought it was ok, and about 1/4 have returned home with deep wounds, resulting in emotional and spiritual struggles, and even physical problems. Yes, some YWAM bases are staffed by mature, thoughtful leaders, but YWAM often pushes the young and unprepared into positions of leadership over those that desperately need more than they can offer. I realize my experiences are anecdotal and not the result of an major study.

    But guess what? YWAM doesn’t know and doesn’t want to know about the damage done to a significant number of the students.
    *There is not a system in place to do evaluations of how DTS students fare a year, two years, or five years after the DTS.
    *There is not a readily accessible system to hold spiritually abusive leaders accountable.
    *There is little effort to track the long-term success of what the mission-portion of the DTS is supposed to do: making disciples.

    The decentralized nature of the beast is a perfect excuse not do the things that could prevent the problems that are endemic.

    If you search “spiritual abuse in YWAM” you will find stories from former DTS students from a variety of bases around the world. There are some remarkable consistencies.

    Here are two examples.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhinjoWZ26w (I disagree with some of her her conclusions on faith and sexuality, but her stories are real and painful.)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkgNyGhChew&t=4s

    Please, keep digging!

    Thanks for all you do.

  8. Struggling to understand where this article is going. The author waffles between sharing historical facts and asserting vague accusations. His concluding remark even sums up his inability to make a specific point, “but other than partial or anecdotal reports, there is so much we don’t know and may never know.” Sir, if you don’t know it go find out. When you discover it, let us know.

    Meantime, there are some misleading statements worth pointing out:

    “If you happen to die while serving YWAM in the far-off lands, which isn’t unheard of, don’t count on anyone sending your body back home.” The author makes this practice sound outrageous but every mission agency I know has the same policy- workers who die overseas agree they will not have their remains repatriated. Friends, this practice has been in effect since Hudson’s Taylor’s day! It’s complicated to repatriate mortal remains, not to mention expensive; donors are not going to pay for it and mission organizations don’t have that kind of capital.

    As for parents having a hard time tracking down their children serving with a YWAM ministry… that is hardly the fault of YWAM. That’s like saying to the president of University of California Los Angeles, “My son enrolled at UCLA, what do you mean you don’t know where he is right now?” The fault lies with the child who was irresponsible enough to leave his parents/family without contact information.

    1. If YWAM “ leaders” prevent the student from having access to their parents, it is the fault of the organization. Most of these students are 18 and right out of High School, they need direction and supervision while they learn to be effective freshman missionaries. They do not need to be abused spiritually and emotionally to achieve this goal.

  9. A few questions/observations:

    1. Does YWAM encourage or have as its official policy to have their YWAM people contact information with their families/local US consulate or embassy?

    2. Remember to travel overseas requires a US passport (plus any required visas/immunizations/etc). You will not be let into the country (even if it not their final destination) without one.

    3. YWAM should also realize that crossing a border into another country at a border entry point requires a passport/visa/immunization (unless u are in the EU for example). Crossing into another country NOT a border entry point means you are in the country illegally and can mean arrest, jail, or deportation.

    4. The de-centralized structure of YWAM can be ripe for abuse/fraud just as much as hierarchy with a board of cronies. In fact, in makes shuffling the abusers and criminals easier in some respects. Much like how the SBC and IFB churches have “local autonomy” and it means the perps can go to another church when things get too hot and their location.

  10. It has been my observation that things get the worst at the extremes. In the other extreme is the RC organization where, for instance, they sidelined a priest whistleblower for only caring about child abuse. He called them a “religious mafia” and had other choice words for the org that he gave much of his life to.

    On the other extreme you have this org and the one I was once a member of. Calvary Chapel had a “vision” of a flat org just like this. It was started around the same time by someone who seams just as influenced by hippie ideology of “top down orgs are just evil and need to be fought against tooth and nail!” This ideology of ultimate freedom with no accountability is an extreme and is not what you see operating in the New Testament. Paul held Peter accountable when he went too far and their was some structure although that was much less strangling than what you find in the RCC and the EOC.

    Fast forward some years and some CC churches appear to be nice places run by a man of conscience while many others are getting a reputation of being a place where a dictator does whatever the hell he wants with impunity. This is what this kind of freedom leads to: a wide mixture of the worst kind of profanity mixed with other things that are not so. The tares get mixed with the wheat with little concern about the wolves. So is YWAM. For idealistic parents it is a crapshoot to get their children involved with. The lack of biblical accountability means your children may have a great experience that builds their faith or one that permanently wrecks it all within the same org.

    Both orgs tend towards lawlessness because freedom is not balanced with accountability. These things must both be present and some attempt to balance them against each other. Many YWAM’s orgs need to be thrown out of the whole org for a host of sins that go unchecked. My experiences with Gospel for Asia and Voice of the Martyrs have shown that conmen and professional predators are sent by the Devil in sheep’s clothing in order to turn idealistic charities into something the Devil is very proud of. YWAM is among those orgs I would say have fallen into the left ditch and are really going nowhere. Too little control is on the left and too much on the right. The early church tried to walk a road in the middle so that they could keep moving. The Devil loves pushing us to the extremes so we fall into one of those ditches, which one is really not important, and then stay there ’til death. Such Christians are really of no threat to his kingdom.

    1. My take on Calvary Chapel is that the “Moses Model” was flawed from the very beginning, as it was created by Chuck Smith who hated the idea of being answerable to a board back when he was a Four-Square church guy. You add all the hippies in the Jesus People movement who rebelled like their secular counterparts against the status quo and existing structures as “The Man.”, you can see why the CC structure flourished. Many of these new converts were placed in positions of Calvary Chapel church leadership when they were still very immature in their faith which no doubt is responsible (along with the conman and predators) for most of the problems. The cult-like mentality of their members doesn’t help either.

      As you said, you are really rolling the dice with CC.

    2. Very well said, Mr. Jesperon. Your comments are right on target. A friend was one of many victims of YWAM and It is heartbreaking to see the injury that was done as she experienced both spiritual and sexual abuse. There is no accountability for any of it because it happened in a foreign country and there is no one in the US organization who cares or will do anything about it. This base definitely tried to brainwash the attendees spiritually. It was also upsetting to see how much they charged per month for a small room shared with other people, sometimes in a building far from the base, and poor quality of food. I could write much, much more about all the things that happened. In My opinion they should be exposed and put out of existence for their complete failure to address the spiritual and sexual,abuse that many suffer

  11. I find this article confusing. Can anyone just use the name YWAM / Youth with a Mission? If not, what is the vetting process for who gets to use it or who can no longer use it?

  12. IMHO your article gives YWAM too much credit because a significant number suffer abuse and the do nothing about it and provide no way to do anything about it. I hope you will dig into the abuse as I know there is a big story to be told and literally hundreds are known to be looking for someone to tell their story. I’m sure hundreds more would step forward.

  13. “YWAM is dynamic, but is it effective? No one knows, because YWAM’s non-structured structure takes opaqueness and inscrutability to new and unprecedented levels.”

    This kind of unaccountable cell-group structure may work for cults, terrorists, and spy organizations, but it’s a dangerous way to run a ministry.

    Our son’s faith was at first buoyed by his DTS, and then subsequently destroyed by his leadership training, in which he was left alone to flounder while running a “ministry” in a secular music venue in a college town. In both locations, use of the Scriptures to convict others of sin was discouraged.

    He returned home with all kinds of agnostic and apostate views, and had developed a hostile view of the Scriptures, to the point of slapping the Bible out of his parent’s hands while shouting, “God’s bigger than that “friggin’ book!”

    As the article alludes, YWAM is heavily influenced by freestyle Pentecostalism in which experience supersedes doctrine. This is contrary to God’s Word.

    I’m sure there are cases of good branches bearing good fruit; but I cannot recommend YWAM as an organizational entity. If it valued sound doctrine and the true gospel of God, it would have standards, checks, and balances.

    As it stands, YWAM is a haphazard, ecumenical “social gospel” ministry which is in strong need of reformation.

  14. Despite some of the disadvantages, it sounds closer to the NT model. It seems Christians could not legally own property in the Roman Empire until 313 AD when Constantine made the faith a legal religion. Prior to that Christians, met in rooms available in pagan temples, homes, warehouses, etc. Apparently, a small home was remodeled in Roman Syria in the 240’s and used exclusively for assemblies and baptism–perhaps the first church building. But, by and large, the great advance of Christianity occurred as a diverse, grassroots, volunteer movement in the first three centuries without the ownership of vast real estate, church princes, gold & jewel encrusted chalices, and universities–without government help.

    Federal Aid, Government favoritism (especially seen on steroids in the apostate state churches of Europe) and regulations have done more to destroy Christianity than all persecutions combined. Consider the Salvation Army (saw a worker fired for “proselytizing” in one near my home so to not lose federal grants), YMCA & YWCA (utterly bankrupted as Christian fellowship organizations), the many former Christian colleges that have become totally secularized by government aid and grants (From most of the Ivy League schools on down), World Vision (Now much more a relief arm of the government than any kind of Christian outreach), former Christian hospitals now unrecognizable by their initial mission statements, etc. Much has been written about this. Apparently, the Ford Foundation in the early years of AA, decided not to fund AA. The thought was, “If we fund it, we’ll kill it.” Perhaps, they saw what was happening in the churches.

    I predict the next institution of the modern Church in America to fall will be Christian higher education. The exemption for LGBTQ+ admission and hiring is only a legal one. Schools will eventually conform or die. Most will choose federal aid and grants over fidelity to Scripture while assuring us they can still make this work. Intellectuals are good at living with mental tension and conundrums. Ah, hoisted on the petard of love. The free exercise of religion was written out of the Constitution in the Supreme Court Smith decision; most people just don’t know it. But Christians will wake up one morning to find out. Julie will have a lot to cover then.

    1. JB

      Yes… Excellent observations.

      “Federal Aid, Government favoritism
      (especially seen on steroids
      in the apostate state churches of Europe)
      and regulations have done more to destroy Christianity
      than all persecutions combined.”

      “Most will choose federal aid and grants
      over fidelity to Scripture
      while assuring us they can still make this work.”

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